Anderson, C., John, O. P., Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M. (2001). Who attains social status? Effects of personality and physical attractiveness in social groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 116-132.
Extraversion refers to preferences for social interaction, lively activity, and engagement with the external world.
These facets represent sub-dimensions of the overall Extraversion trait.
Activity level refers to vigorous movement, staying busy, and sense of energy and forcefulness.
Assertiveness is the tendency to be dominant, forceful, socially ascendant; easily able to take charge, lead, and express one's feelings and needs.
Cheerfulness is the tendency to experience positive moods, feelings, and emotions (e.g., joy, delight, zest).
Excitement Seeking is the tendency for craving excitement, risk, and adventure; seeking out intense and stimulating environments.
Friendliness is reflective of being affectionate, friendly, cordial, and an intimately involved style of personal interaction.
Gregariousness reflects a preference for other people’s company and social stimulation.
Positive Correlation
Coping is positively correlated with Extraversion
Coping refers to the ability to overcome a stressful situation. Strategies that are commonly used to cope include: distraction, redefinition, direct action, catharsis, acceptance, social support, relaxation, and religion.
David & Suls (1999) found a significant relationship between higher scores in extraversion and coping ability (p < .05; overall number of strategies used and use of the specific strategy of redefinition).
Negative Correlation
Depression is negatively correlated with Extraversion
Major depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest.
Trull & Sher (1994) found a significant relationship between lower scores in Extraversion and Axis I major depression (p < .01)
Positive Correlation
Existential well-being is positively correlated with Extraversion
Existential Well-Being is a construct that reflects an individuals sense of meaning, purpose, and resilience.
In a study of 993 undergraduates, Macdonald (2000) demonstrate a correlation of .32 between Existential Well-Being and Extraversion (p < .001).
Positive Correlation
Gratitude is positively correlated with Extraversion
Gratitude is a general tendency to recognize and respond with grateful emotion when experiencing positive outcomes that are attributable to the benevolence of others.
McCullough et al. (2002) found a significant positive correlation (.18, p < .05) between trait gratitude and extraversion.
Positive Correlation
Inspiration is positively correlated with Extraversion
Inspiration refers to the process of being mentally stimulated to do something and may involve the following characteristics: transcendence (larger than normal concerns), evocation (unwilled), and motivation (desire to make manifest) (Thrash & Elliott, 2004).
Thrash & Elliot (2004) found a significant positive relationship (p < .001) between higher scores in Extraversion and Inspiration.
Positive Correlation
Majority-culture identification (for minorities) is positively correlated with Extraversion
Cultural identification refers to an individuals sense of belonging to a certain cultural group (e.g., Canadian, American, or Chinese).
In a group of ~160 graduate students with Chinese ancestry, Ryder et al. (2000) found a significant positive relationship between scores in Extraversion and higher degree of identification with mainstream culture (p < .01).
Positive Correlation
Subjective well-being is positively correlated with Extraversion
Subjective Well-Being is a construct that reflects an individuals overall evaluation on the quality or their life from their own perspective.
See Diener & Lucas (2015) for an overview; the Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008) meta-analysis demonstrate correlations between .30 and .50 depending on the facet of subjective well-being (SWB) measured. In a metanalysis of more than 140 studies, DeNeve & Cooper (1998) found a positive correlation between SWB and Extraversion of .17.
Positive Correlation
Verbal Fluency is positively correlated with Extraversion
Verbal fluency is the ability to produce correct examples from a specific category. It is a cognitive task that relies on verbal knowledge, inhibition of similar words from a different semantic category, and tracking / memory of words that have already been produced.
In a meta-analysis of 10 studies with combined participation of over 80,000 participants, Sutin et al. (2019) found that extraversion is positively related to verbal fluency (p < .001)
Positive Correlation
Appreciate contemporary music styles is positively correlated with Extraversion
Contemporary musical styles represent music with rhythmic, upbeat, and electronic attributes, found in genres such as rap, electronica, Latin, and Euro-pop.
Research indicates a positive association between Extraversion and preferences for Contemporary musical styles. A study involving 71,714 participants across 36 countries found a correlation of r=.14 (p<.00001) between Extraversion and Contemporary music (Greenberg et al., 2022). This large-scale cross-cultural study is notable for its use of unfamiliar musical stimuli to minimize confounding effects from prior associations, thereby enhancing the ecological validity of the findings. Supporting this, research leveraging Spotify streaming data from 5,808 users found Extraversion positively correlated with Reggaeton (r=.112, p<.001) and Sensual music (r=.084, p<.001), genres often categorized under Contemporary styles (Anderson et al., 2021).
Positive Correlation
Attractiveness is positively correlated with Extraversion
Attractiveness is the quality of being appealing and arouse interest from others.
Anderson et al. (2001) found significant positive correlations (average correlations between .36 and .47; p < .05) between Extraversion and attractiveness among college students.
Positive Correlation
Dating variety is positively correlated with Extraversion
Dating variety refers to the number of different people dated (going out on a social or romantic engagement with someone) over a period of time.
In a study of hundereds of university students, Paunonen (2003) found a significant positive relationship (p < .01) between scores on measures extraversion and higher data variety (larger number of dates with different people in the last year).
Positive Correlation
Peer status is positively correlated with Extraversion
Peer status refers to relationships within a peer group network using measures such as peer acceptance (one peer nominates another as a friend) and friendship (two peers nominate each other as friends). Status often refers to differences in prominence, respect, and influence among members of a group.
Anderson et al. (2001) found significant positive correlations over time between Extraversion and peer status among male (p< .01) and female (p < .05) college students.
Positive Correlation
Peers acceptance and friendship is positively correlated with Extraversion
Peer acceptance refers to relationships within a peer group network where one peer positively acknowledges another (e.g., nominates another person as a friend).
In a study of over 200 fifth and sixth grade students, Jensen-Campbell et al. (2002), found a significant positive relationship between scores on extraversion and peer acceptance (p < .01).
Positive Correlation
Romantic satisfaction is positively correlated with Extraversion
Romantic satisfaction refers to married partners evaluations of the romantic relationship.
In a study of 74 married and 136 dating couples, Watson (2000) found significant positive relationship between extraversion and relationship satisfaction (p < .01), but only for married couples.
Positive Correlation
Enterprising occupational interests is positively correlated with Extraversion
According to Hollands RIASEC model, Social occupational interests include persuading, manipulating, or directing others (Holland, 1996).
Larson et al. (2002) and Barrick et al. (2003) both find meta-analytic evidence to suggest that those who score high on Extraversion are likely to express interest in Enterprising occupations.
Positive Correlation
Leadership is positively correlated with Extraversion
Leadership behavior involves inspiring the support of followers to cooperate and take action.
Among a group of 316 potential community leaders, Judge & Bono (2000) found a significant correlation between Extraversion and higher scores of transformational leadership (p < .01).
Positive Correlation
Occupational commitment is positively correlated with Extraversion
The psychological and emotional attachment an individual feels to an occupation.
Thoresen et al. (2003) found meta-analytic evidence of a strong positive relationship between extraversion and organizational commitment.
Positive Correlation
Job satisfaction is positively correlated with Extraversion
Job satisfaction refers to a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job / work experiences.
Thoresen et al. (2003) found meta-analytic evidence of a strong positive relationship between extraversion and job satisfaction.
Positive Correlation
Social occupational interests is positively correlated with Extraversion
According to Hollands RIASEC model, Social occupational interests include helping, teaching, treating, counseling, or serving others through personal interaction (Holland, 1996).
Larson et al. (2002) and Barrick et al. (2003) both find meta-analytic evidence to suggest that those who score high on Extraversion are likely to express interest in Social occupations.
Positive Correlation
Volunteerism is positively correlated with Extraversion
Volunteerism involves planned prosocial behavior benefitting strangers.
In a study of ~800 college students, Carlo et al. (2005) found a significant correlation between higher scores in extraversion and self-reported volunteer behavior (p < .01). In an online survey of 1,100 people, Penner (2002) found a similar relationship between volunteerism and helpfulness (p < .001) which is strongly associated with Extraversion.
Negative Correlation
Adhere to Shelter in Place Policy is negatively correlated with Extraversion
In the context of a pandemic health crisis, sheltering in place refers to the act of adhering to publich health guidelines to stay at a primary residence, avoiding travel and other public settings as much as possible.
In a study of over 100,000 participants, controlling for socioeconomic factors, G?tz et al. (2020), found conscientiousness to be positively associated with sheltering in place during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < .001).