Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Gupta, R. (2003). Meta-analysis of the relationship between the five-factor model of personality and Holland's occupational types. Personnel Psychology, 56(1), 45-74.
Openness refers to a receptiveness to new ideas, approaches, and experiences.
These facets represent sub-dimensions of the overall Openness trait.
Adventurousness is a willingness to try different activities and go to new places.
Artistic Interets refers to a deep appreciation for art and natural and artificial beauty.
Emotionality refers to one’s own inner feelings and recognition of emotion as an important part of life.
Imagination refers to having a vivid and creative ability to form new ideas, images, or concepts of external objects not present to the senses.
Intellect refers to intellectual curiosity (not intellectual ability); a deep and persistent desire to know and understand foundational ideas.
Liberalism refers to a readiness to reexamine social, political, and religious values.
Negative Correlation
Identity Foreclosure is negatively correlated with Openness
According to Marcia (1980), identity foreclosure refers to individuals who have committed to a set of occupational and ideological positions (beliefs, attitudes, values), but arrived at these positions through inheritance from external influence [rather than internal reflection]
In a study of approximately 200 undergraduate students, Clancy & Dollinger (1993) found a significant negative relationship between openness and foreclosed identity status (r = -.50; p < .001)
Positive Correlation
Identity integration or consolidation is positively correlated with Openness
A persons identity refers to a self-structure: an internal, self-constructed, dynamic organization of drives, abilities, beliefs, and individual history (Marcia, 1980). Identity integration and consolidation are processes of reconciling various roles, responsibilities, and contexts to construct a coherent identity.
In a longitudinal study of 96 married women, Pals (1999) found a negative corelation between Openness and a measure of married identity consolidation, but only for those who described marriage as an anchor of their identity (p < .05) [there was a significant positive correlation among participants whose marriage defined their identity (p < .05)].
Positive Correlation
Inspiration is positively correlated with Openness
Inspiration refers to the process of being mentally stimulated to do something and may involve the following characteristics: transcendence (larger than normal concerns), evocation (unwilled), and motivation (desire to make manifest) (Thrash & Elliott, 2004).
Among an undergraduate participang group, Thrash & Elliot (2004) found a significant positive relationship (p < .01) between higher scores in Openness and Inspiration.
Positive Correlation
Majority-culture identification (for minorities) is positively correlated with Openness
Cultural identification refers to an individuals sense of belonging to a certain cultural group (e.g., Canadian, American, or Chinese).
In a group of ~160 graduate students with Chinese ancestry, Ryder et al. (2000) found a significant positive relationship between scores in Openness and higher degree of identification with the dominant mainstream culture (p < .01).
Positive Correlation
Spiritual Concerns is positively correlated with Openness
Spiritual concern refers to an individuals interest in the nature of social constructs labeled spiritual, religious, peak, mystical, transpersonal, transcendent, or numinous.
In a study of over 500 university students, MacDonald (2000) found a significant positive relationship between openness and several dimensions of spirituality, including: cognitive orientation towards spirituality (beliefs, attitudes, perceptions), experiential / phenomenological, and paranormal beliefs (concepts beyond the scope of normal scientific understanding such as ESP, precognition, psychokinesis).
Positive Correlation
Substance abuse is positively correlated with Openness
Substance abuse refers to use of drugs or alcohol to the extent that it interferes with normal social behavior.
In a study of 468 young adults, Trull & Sher (1994) found a strong relationship between Openness and forms of substance abuse, including: excessive alcohol use (p < .01), and drug use (p < .001).
Positive Correlation
Verbal Fluency is positively correlated with Openness
Verbal fluency is the ability to produce correct examples from a specific category. It is a cognitive task that relies on verbal knowledge, inhibition of similar words from a different semantic category, and tracking / memory of words that have already been produced.
In a meta-analysis of 10 studies with combined participation of over 80,000 participants, Sutin et al. (2019) found that higher openness is related to greater verbal fluency (p < .001; indpemendent of academic achievement)
Positive Correlation
Appreciate sophisticated music styles is positively correlated with Openness
Sophisticated musical styles feature inspiring, complex, and dynamic attributes, prevalent in classical, operatic, avant-garde, and traditional jazz genres.
Research on musical preferences across cultures, utilizing an audio-based measure of preferential reactions to music, indicates a positive association between Openness to Experience and preferences for Sophisticated music. Specifically, a study involving 71,714 participants across 36 countries found a correlation of r=.20 (p<.00001) between Openness and Sophisticated music (Greenberg et al., 2022). This large-scale cross-cultural study is notable for its use of unfamiliar musical stimuli to minimize confounding effects from prior associations, thereby enhancing the ecological validity of the findings.
Negative Correlation
Appreciate contemporary music styles is negatively correlated with Openness
Contemporary musical styles represent music with rhythmic, upbeat, and electronic attributes, found in genres such as rap, electronica, Latin, and Euro-pop.
Research on musical preferences across cultures, utilizing an audio-based measure of preferential reactions to music, indicates a positive association between Openness to Experience and preferences for Contemporary music. A study involving 71,714 participants across 36 countries found a correlation of r=.12 (p<.00001) between Openness and Contemporary music (Greenberg et al., 2022). This large-scale cross-cultural study is notable for its use of unfamiliar musical stimuli to minimize confounding effects from prior associations, thereby enhancing the ecological validity of the findings. However, earlier research using active listening data from 8,098 participants found a negative association, r=−.11 (p<.001), between Openness and Contemporary music (Nave et al., 2018). The more recent cross-cultural study's findings are prioritized due to its broader sample and audio-based methodology.
Negative Correlation
Appreciate mellow music styles is negatively correlated with Openness
Mellow musical styles feature romantic, slow, and quiet attributes, typically found in genres like soft rock, R&B, and adult contemporary.
Research on musical preferences across cultures, utilizing an audio-based measure of preferential reactions to music, indicates a negative association between Openness to Experience and preferences for Mellow music. A study involving 71,714 participants across 36 countries found a correlation of r=−.03 (p<.01) between Openness and Mellow music (Greenberg et al., 2022). This large-scale cross-cultural study is notable for its use of unfamiliar musical stimuli to minimize confounding effects from prior associations, thereby enhancing the ecological validity of the findings. This finding is consistent with earlier research using active listening data from 8,097 participants, which found a negative association of r=−.12 (p<.001) (Nave et al., 2018). It contrasts with a previous genre-based study within the same cross-cultural research, which found a positive correlation of r=.19 (p<.00001) (Greenberg et al., 2022). The audio-based methodology is prioritized for its ecological validity.
Positive Correlation
Artistic occupational interests is positively correlated with Openness
According to Hollands RIASEC model, artistic occupational interests which include activities involving literature, music, and art (Holland, 1996).
Larson et al. (2002) and Barrick et al. (2003) both find meta-analytic evidence that those who score high on Extraversion are likely to express interest in artistic occupations.
Negative Correlation
Conservatism is negatively correlated with Openness
Conservatism is generally associated with the values of freedom [over equality], security, power, achievement, conformity, and tradition.
In a study of 225 adults, Van Hiel et al. (2004) found a significant negative relationship (-.25; p < .01) between openness and general conservatism.
Positive Correlation
Investigative occupational interests is positively correlated with Openness
According to Hollands RIASEC model, Investigative occupational interests include activities involving exploration, understanding and prediction or control of natural and social phenomena (Holland, 1996).
Larson et al. (2002) and Barrick et al. (2003) both find meta-analytic evidence to suggest that those who score high on Extraversion are likely to express interest in investigative occupations.
Negative Correlation
Right-wing authoritarianism is negatively correlated with Openness
Right-wing authoritarianism encapsulates behavior that is submissive to authorities, authoritarian aggression, and conventionalism. It is thought that this behavior may manifest as aggression towards outgroups.
In a study of isms, Saucier (2000) found a negative relationship (-.48) between openness and right-wing authoritarianism. In a study with undergraduate participants, Heaven & Bucci (2001) also found a significant negative relationship between openness and right-wing authoritarianism (-.39; p < .001).
Positive Correlation
Adhere to Shelter in Place Policy is positively correlated with Openness
In the context of a pandemic health crisis, sheltering in place refers to the act of adhering to publich health guidelines to stay at a primary residence, avoiding travel and other public settings as much as possible.
In a study of over 100,000 participants, controlling for socioeconomic factors, G?tz et al. (2020), found openness to be positively associated with sheltering in place during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < .001).
Positive Correlation
Wear a mask as preventative health measure is positively correlated with Openness
Masking refers to the practice of wearing a face covering when in the presence of other people, as a method to prevent the spread of airborne diseases.
In a study of over 500 participants, collected between March 24-26, 2020, Milad & Bogg (2021) directly measured personality and mask usage rates and found openness to be positively associated with mask wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < .05 ). Heyman (2021)used state-level data in the U.S. from 250,000 survey responding between July 2-14, 2020 to indirectly measure differences in aggregate levels of openness and mask wearing by state and found that states with populations higher in opnness to be more likely to respond that they 'always wear masks' (p<.0005).